COVID-19 Community Questions and Answers

Three vaccines have received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization:

• A vaccine from Pfizer-BioNTech, authorized on Dec. 11, 2020, expanded on May 10, 2021 to include children ages 12 to 15 years
• A vaccine from Moderna, authorized on Dec. 18, 2020
• A vaccine from Janssen, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson (J&J), authorized on Feb. 27, 2021

Learn more about how vaccines are evaluated for use by the FDA here. 

As vaccine supplies have begun to match demand, people may be able to choose a vaccine site that offers their preferred vaccine.

No, the Foundation does not recommend one vaccine over another. The Foundation supports the use of the authorized COVID-19 vaccines for people living with CF and strongly encourages that people with CF discuss how to get vaccinated with their care teams. Read the Foundation's statements.

People ages 18 and older are eligible to receive the Moderna and J&J COVID-19 vaccines. People ages 12 and older are eligible to receive the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. You can also text your zip code to 438829 (GET VAX, in Spanish at 822862) or visit vaccines.gov for a list of vaccine locations near you. You can also call 800-232-0233 to speak with someone who can help you find a vaccine site. Many local sites, including pharmacies, offer vaccinations without an appointment.

• You can discuss the known benefits and risks with your doctor or care team. They can review the safety data from clinical trials and real-world use, including the potential side effects, and discuss your personal circumstances, such as your health status, employment, school, or household situation. The authorized vaccines have had relatively few reports of adverse side effects.
• Data from clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines evaluated by the FDA indicate very high efficacy against symptomatic illness against illness that caused hospitalization and death, and these findings were consistent across groups including those at high risk.
• All three trials were ethnically diverse. The percentages of Black participants ranged from 10% to 13%, and the percentage of Hispanic participants ranged from 13% to 28%.
• All trials include data on people at high risk for severe illness, such as those with chronic but stable medical conditions, like high blood pressure, pulmonary disease, and diabetes. Based on these findings, there is no evidence to suggest that people with CF would respond differently from those included in the clinical trials.
• Following the FDA authorization of a vaccine, the safety and efficacy data are reviewed by the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). This independent committee includes vaccine experts who use a rigorous method to assess the data. Learn more about this process further down this page under “What is the review and approval process for vaccines in the United States?”
• A study released by the CDC in late May provides strong evidence that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19 infections in real-world use. Results show that two or more weeks after the second dose, the risk of symptomatic COVID-19 was decreased by 94%.

• The CDC and FDA recommended resuming the use of the J&J vaccine after a brief suspension to investigate a very rare side effect among a small number of people who received the vaccine. After reviewing and discussing all available data, the agencies found the vaccine's known and potential benefits outweigh the known and potential risks.
• The CDC and FDA stated they will continue to closely monitor outcomes and side effects associated with the vaccine.
• You can find more information in this CDC statement. In addition, your care team can discuss any concerns you may have about receiving this vaccine.

• All COVID-19 vaccines work by causing the body to mount an immune response to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, although they accomplish it in different ways.
• The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are mRNA vaccines. They contain information that inserts instructions into your cells to make a protein from the virus. Your body then mounts an immune response to the protein that protects against COVID-19.
• The J&J vaccine uses a weakened adenovirus to deliver a piece of SARS-CoV-2 DNA, which has instructions for the cells of the body to make a protein from the virus. The body mounts an immune response to the protein that protects against COVID-19. The weakened adenovirus does not cause illness.
• You can read more about different kinds of vaccines on the CDC web site.

• It is difficult to directly compare clinical trial results of the vaccines with each other because they took place under different conditions. For example, the clinical trials of the the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines took place early in the pandemic, while the J&J vaccine clinical trials took place after SARS-CoV-2 variants had emerged.
• All three vaccines are considered highly effective against COVID-19, especially at preventing illness that leads to hospitalization and death.

Yes, people with CF have participated in vaccine clinical trials. Four people with CF participated in the J&J clinical trials. We are uncertain how many participated or what their experience was in the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna trials. However, 8% of people in the Pfizer-BioNTech clinical trials who received the vaccine and 5% of people in the Moderna trials who received the vaccine had chronic lung disease.

You can find more information about vaccine clinical trials by visiting:

• Clinicaltrials.gov
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease
• The Infectious Diseases Society of America

People who are participating in a CF clinical trial should discuss getting the COVID-19 vaccine, and the timing of the vaccine, with the study doctor and/or research coordinator.

• There are several variants of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S., alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. They appear to spread more easily than other variants. 
• Early research shows that the authorized vaccines provide protection against the variants. 
• The CDC recommends that unvaccinated people and people who have have transplants continue to take precautions to decrease their risk of becoming infected, including wearing a mask, keeping a six-foot distance between you and others, and washing hands frequently. 
• You can learn more about the COVID-19 variants from the CDC.

Although there is no data regarding interactions, there is no reason to believe that the vaccines will interact with CF medications, including CFTR modulators. We strongly encourage all people with CF to get vaccinated after discussing it with their care team.

Yes, the CDC states that people can receive a COVID-19 vaccine at the time they receive other vaccines, such as influenza or shingles vaccines.

• Talk to your doctor about what you can expect, when to seek medical attention if you experience a bad reaction, and if you have had an allergic reaction to vaccinations or injectable therapy in the past. Learn more about precautions associated with severe allergic reactions here.
• The CDC recommends people who have had severe allergic reactions that are unrelated to vaccines or injectable medications get vaccinated. These include allergic reactions to:
  • Food
  • Pets
  • Venom
  • Environmental or latex allergies

People with a history of allergies to oral medications or who have a family history of severe allergic reactions can also be vaccinated.

Yes. People ages 18 and older are eligible to receive the Moderna and J&J COVID-19 vaccines. People ages 12 and older are eligible to receive the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. You can also text your zip code to 438829 (GET VAX, in Spanish at 822862) or visit vaccines.gov for a list of vaccine locations near you. You can also call 800-232-0233 to speak with someone who can help you find a vaccine site. Many local sites, including pharmacies, offer vaccinations without an appointment.

A person who had COVID-19 and recovered may be at risk of becoming infected again. Past infections may bring about some natural immunity, however, it is not known how protective natural immunity is or how long that protection would last. A vaccine may offer longer-term protection from COVID-19 than natural immunity. Your CF care team can help you determine if getting a vaccine is right for you.

• The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is authorized for people ages 12 and older.
• Clinical trials for the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are underway in children as young as 6 months.
• Data from trials in children younger than 12 are expected later in 2021.
• J&J has stated it intends to begin clinical trials of its vaccine in children under 18 but has not announced specific timing for those trials.

• Pregnant people with COVID-19 are at increased risk for severe illness. The CDC recommends that individuals who are pregnant get vaccinated. Individuals who are pregnant are encouraged to discuss the benefits and risks with their doctor or care team, but it is not required for vaccination. Analysis of early preliminary data from those who are pregnant who have been vaccinated has not raised any safety concerns for pregnant people or their babies. To learn more about COVID-19 vaccines and pregnancy before discussing it with your doctor, visit the CDC web site.
• Pfizer-BioNTech has begun clinical trials to study the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine in individuals who are pregnant. Researchers will also monitor infants of vaccinated pregnant individuals from birth until six months. Moderna has begun a patient registry to track individuals who are pregnant who receive the vaccine. J&J plans to begin clinical trials to study the safety and effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine in individuals who are pregnant. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has issued a statement recommending individuals who are pregnant have the option to be vaccinated. You can read the statement on the ACOG web site.

Although individuals who are breastfeeding were not included in clinical trials of the authorized vaccines, the vaccines are believed to be safe for breastfeeding infants. However, more information will need to be gathered over time. If you are breastfeeding we encourage you to discuss the benefits and risks being vaccinated with their health care provider. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has issued a statement recommending that people who are breastfeeding have the option of being vaccinated. You can read the statement on the ACOG web site.

• Yes, the CF Foundation continues to recommend that transplant recipients get vaccinated. Although we are learning that people who are post-transplant remain at increased risk for COVID-19 because they have a lower immune response to the vaccines than people who have not had a transplant, being vaccinated against COVID-19 is helpful. People who have had a transplant should continue to take precautions against infection, including physical distancing, washing hands frequently, wearing a mask and avoiding crowds. Read more about the National Vaccine Research Study for Transplant Recipients and watch our video explaining the study and its results.
• It is also important for all people who live in the same household as someone who has had a transplant become fully vaccinated as soon as they are able and take the same precautions to avoid exposure.
• The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has issued a statement encouraging vaccination in patients who have had a transplant. You can read the entire statement on the ISHLT web site.
• If you have had-a transplant, we encourage you to talk to your CF care team or transplant team about your individual circumstances.

Transplant candidates should be vaccinated while they are waiting for transplant. In general, vaccines are recommended more than two weeks before a transplant. If you receive the vaccine before transplant, both doses should be completed before transplant. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) has issued a statement encouraging vaccination in patients with advanced heart or lung disease. You can read the entire statement on the ISHLT web site.

There are many things you can do to protect your health and that of your household until a vaccine is available and, more importantly, until infection rates are reduced. Everyone -- even those who have been vaccinated -- should continue doing what they can to protect their health and the health of everyone around them. Learn more about prevention and safety here.

Most people will be able to get a vaccine without paying out of pocket, including those who do not have health insurance. However, in certain circumstances, you may be charged by your doctor or health care provider for giving you the shots (the cost of the vaccine itself is covered by the U.S. government). If you have questions about whether getting a COVID-19 vaccine is covered by your health insurance or about cost-sharing, call Compass at 844-COMPASS (844-266-7277).

Actions you can take to help make scheduling a vaccination easier include:

1. Be prepared. Gather your personal details, like medical insurance information and documentation that indicates your CF diagnosis before getting started.
2. Don't limit yourself to only one place. Check for available appointments from several trusted sources, like your local health department, hospitals, pharmacies. In addition, you can text your zip code to 438829 (GET VAX, in Spanish at 822862) or visit vaccines.gov for a list of vaccine locations near you. You can also call 800-232-0233 to speak with someone who can help you find a vaccine site. Many local sites, including pharmacies, offer vaccinations without an appointment.

• A person is considered fully vaccinated two weeks after receiving:
  
  • The first of Johnson & Johnson's single-dose vaccine
  • The second shot of Pfizer-BioNTech's or Moderna's vaccines 
• Timing between shots for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is 3 weeks and 1 month for the Moderna vaccine. It is important that you receive both shots of the same vaccine to be fully protected

Although side effects from the different vaccines may vary, those that have been commonly reported include pain at the injection site, fatigue, muscle aches, chills, and fever. These side effects usually go away within a few days and are a sign that your immune system is working. Talk to your doctor about what side effects you can expect after being vaccinated. Vaccine manufacturers and public health officials will continue to monitor side effects as the vaccines are given to the wider population.

• Severe allergic reactions to both vaccines are rare. However, if you have had a severe allergic reaction to a vaccine or injection in the past, ask your doctor if you should get vaccinated and what you can expect, including when to contact your care team or seek medical attention should you experience a bad reaction.
• Individuals should be monitored for 15 minutes after receiving the vaccine. Those with a history of immediate allergic reaction should be monitored for 30 minutes after receiving a vaccine to ensure any adverse reaction is identified and addressed promptly. Learn more about precautions associated with severe allergic reactions here.

Recent research showed that both the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines provide protection for at least six months after the second dose. More data are needed to determine how long the vaccine provides protection from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The vaccine manufacturers and public health officials will continue to monitor vaccine recipients for several months to years following FDA approval. Over time, we will gain a better understanding of long-term immunity.

• Based on growing evidence that people who are fully vaccinated are less likely to spread COVID-19, the CDC has recommended that fully vaccinated people, who are not immunocompromised, can:
  • Resume indoor and outdoor activities without wearing a mask or physically distancing
  • Resume travel within the U.S. without testing before travel or self-quarantining after travel
  • Resume international travel without testing before travel (unless required by the country they will visit) or self-quarantining after returning
  • Not quarantine themselves or get tested for COVID-19 after they have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, if they have no COVID-19 symptoms. People should get tested if they live or work in a correctional facility, detention facility, or homeless shelter and are around someone who has COVID-19, even if they don't have symptoms
• People who have been fully vaccinated must continue to wear masks when required by law, regulation, or when required by businesses or by your workplace.
• People who have been fully vaccinated should continue to take precautions, such as wearing a mask and physically distancing when:
  • In health care settings, including at care team or hospital visits, or when at long-term care facilities like nursing homes
  • In jails or other detention facilities
  • Traveling on public transportation, including subways, buses, trains, and planes
  • In travel centers, such as airports or bus stations
• People who have advanced lung disease or who have had a transplant should continue to take precautions against infection, including physical distancing, washing hands frequently, wearing a mask and avoiding crowds. Current evidence suggests that people who are transplant recipients remain at increased risk for COVID-19 despite vaccination because the immune response is lower than in people who have not had a transplant. The vaccine, however, may be beneficial in other ways and transplant recipients are encouraged to be vaccinated. To learn more about the current evidence, watch our video. We encourage the following people to talk to their CF care team or transplant team about individual circumstances:
  • People with advanced disease
  • People who have had a transplant
  • People who live with someone with advanced disease
  • People who live with someone who has had a transplant
• You can read more about what the CDC recommends for those who have been fully vaccinated on the CDC web site.
• People with CF should continue to follow Cystic Fibrosis Foundation infection prevention and control guidelines, which recommend that people with CF wear a surgical mask in health care settings to reduce the risk of cross-infection from CF germs.

• We are still learning, but the evidence to date shows that transplant recipients have a much lower immune response to vaccines than people who have not had a transplant.
• Even after vaccination, people who have received a transplant remain at higher risk for COVID-19 and need to continue taking precautions, such as physically distancing, wearing a mask, washing hands frequently, and avoiding crowds.
• It is also important for all people who live in the same household as someone who has had a transplant become fully vaccinated as soon as they are able
• If you are post-transplant, we encourage you to talk to your CF care team or transplant team about your individual circumstances.
• More information about the latest transplant vaccine effectiveness data can be found here. Watch a recording of a conversation in which CF Foundation for Vice President of Clinical Affairs, Albert Faro, MD, interprets recent research about vaccines in transplant recipients on the CF Foundation's YouTube channel.

Although individuals who have been vaccinated may still transmit the virus, public health officials are monitoring this closely and have found evidence to indicate that vaccines may reduce the risk of transmission. In the meantime, you should continue to maintain physical distancing, handwashing, and wearing a mask, even after being vaccinated.

Yes, we are tracking people with CF who have received a COVID-19 vaccine, the dates of vaccinations, and the vaccine's manufacturer. The Registry are also recording people with CF who were not vaccinated and note the reason why. Information from the Registry has already been used to analyze data regarding people with CF and COVID-19.

• In the United States, every licensed and recommended vaccine goes through rigorous testing before it is approved by the FDA and subsequently recommended for use by the CDC. These approvals are rooted in science, data, and independent assessment that is designed to protect the public health and safety.
• As part of the FDA review process, an independent advisory panel of experts, the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, or VRBPAC, will play a key role in assessing pre-clinical and clinical trial data for each COVID-19 vaccine candidate and providing recommendations as to whether a vaccine is safe and efficacious and ready to be considered by the FDA. To learn more about the VRBPAC, please go here.
• Once a vaccine is approved for use by the FDA, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, or ACIP, will make recommendations to the CDC on appropriate use, allocation, and distribution for each COVID-19 vaccine. The ACIP is an independent advisory panel responsible for providing guidance and recommendations to the CDC on vaccines. To learn more about the ACIP and their role in making recommendations for vaccine use, please go here.
• Additionally, public health and regulatory bodies continuously monitor vaccines once approved to understand how real-world experience may impact recommendations on appropriate use and the long-term impacts on public health. The United States has numerous programs that monitor vaccine safety after a new vaccine becomes available, and each program provides different types of data for researchers to analyze a given vaccine's safety and efficacy. You can read more here.

As public health authorities authorize and distribute COVID-19 vaccines, we continue to engage with federal and state decision-makers about the dangers of respiratory infections for individuals with CF and the needs of the CF community. The Foundation believes people with CF need a vaccine distribution strategy that is aggressive, predictable, and adheres to science and medicine. Read more about the Foundation's work here.

• While remote learning remains the safest option to avoid exposure to COVID-19, we recognize the decision to return to in-person learning is based on personal circumstances and what is happening in your community. Therefore, the option of distance learning should be available for all people whose health, or the health of someone in their household, may be put at risk by attending school in person. This includes people with CF, as well as parents and adults with CF and those who work in schools.
• For many families, keeping their child out of school may not be logistically or financially possible. Some children may have specific social and emotional needs that may benefit from in-person learning. If you are considering in-person learning, we recommend that you speak with your or your child's care team to discuss the best decision for your family, and the steps you can take to reduce the risk for you or your child and other members of your household. These steps include maintaining physical distance (at least six feet), using face masks when around others, frequent handwashing, and avoiding large gatherings. Important factors to consider include how fast COVID-19 is spreading in your community, the health of the person with CF in your household, and the steps that your or your child's school are taking to reduce the risk of infection.
• We recommend you communicate directly with your or your child's school to understand what preventative measures they will take and what considerations you or your child will receive. The American Academy of Pediatrics issued guidance for the reopening of primary and secondary schools that stressed the importance of accommodations for students and families who may be at increased risk for severe illness. This is new territory for schools and teachers. It's important to be an active advocate to ensure your family's needs are met.
• Parents of children with CF can request an individualized education plan (IEP) or a 504 plan for their child from their school. Families and individuals who need help requesting an IEP or 504 plan, require additional support for distance learning, or who depend on school services, such as meals, can contact CF Foundation Compass. Our case managers can help put you in touch with resources on these topics.

Resources that can help you in weighing the risks and benefits of school include:

• The CDC, which offers resources to help families decide between in-person and virtual learning for their children.
• Your care team, who can help you consider the risks and benefits of in-person or distance learning.
• CF clinicians discussed school reopening as well as answered audience questions during a virtual event in July. You can view the recording on the Foundation's YouTube channel.
• You can learn more about independent education plans (IEPs) and 504 plans on cff.org.
• CF Foundation Compass case managers can help connect you to resources to understand your legal rights and how to navigate the process.
• The administrator or counselor at your child's school can discuss the school's plan for reducing the risk of COVID-19 and actions they will take if there are confirmed COVID-19 cases at the school.

• The CDC advises that any school with a confirmed case of COVID-19 may need to close for 2-5 days.
• Temporarily closing the school would allow local health officials to help the school determine appropriate next steps, including disinfecting the facility and identifying people who may have come into contact with those who were infected.
• Flexibility may be important if your child's school has to close because of a positive test. This may result in the school closing and students resuming learning from home.
• If you have a prepared a 504 plan for your child, make sure it includes wording that gives you the flexibility to change your decision.
• We recommend speaking with your child's care team to discuss the best decision for your child. You can prepare for the discussion by considering the following factors:
  • Your child's health
  • If there has been a confirmed COVID-19 case at your child's school
  • How common COVID-19 is in your community
  • The COVID-19 plan at your child's school to address infections
• Talk to the administrators at your child's school plan to ensure that your child has the option of virtual learning if there is a positive test for COVID-19 at the school.

• Parents of children with CF can request an individualized education plan (IEP) or a 504 plan for their child from their school.
• IEPs are generally used for students whose health conditions affect their ability to learn
• 504 plans are used for students who need accommodations to access their education.
• Some schools will recommend 504 plans since CF does not cognitively affect a student's ability to learn; however, many schools will recommend an IEP since missing school due to an exacerbation affects the student's ability to learn.
• For IEPs and 504 plans, you will need to request an evaluation from the school.
• Ask your CF care center for a sample letter that your doctor can send to the school, explaining how CF affects your child and identifying accommodations that may help.
• Once a student qualifies for services, the school will hold a team meeting with the family to make an IEP or 504 plan.
• CF Foundation Compass case managers can help connect you to resources to understand your legal rights and how to navigate the process.

Like other decisions during this pandemic, the decision to allow your child to participate in extracurricular activities is based on personal circumstances. We recommend you speak with your child's care team to discuss the best decision for your child. You can prepare for the discussion by considering the following factors:

• Your child's health
• How common COVID-19 is in your community
• Is the activity taking place outside and/or with a smaller group?
• The plan the facility has for decreasing the risk of COVID-19 spread, such as physical distancing, mask use, or disinfecting equipment or the facilities.
• If the activity's risk is lower (singles tennis) or higher (wrestling)

• Distance learning should be an option for all students with CF, including those attending colleges and universities. Although colleges will take precautions to limit the spread of COVID-19, students with CF may find the risk too great to attend in person.
• We recommend speaking with your care team to discuss the best decision for you (or your child) based on your specific circumstances.
• We believe that high-risk college students who decide not to attend classes in person -- either before or during the school term -- and who do not have a distance learning option, should not forfeit their tuition dollars or be subject to other financial penalties. You can contact CF Foundation Compass if you have questions about your rights or need support in communicating with your college or university.

Watch as Ginger Birnbaum, mother of a child with cystic fibrosis, leads a discussion about school reopening and people with CF with experts Clement Ren, MD, Professor of Clinical Pediatrics and CF Center Director, Riley Hospital for Children and Indiana University School of Medicine, Sarah Strong, School Liaison Specialist, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Sue Sullivan, Senior Director, Head of Community Partnerships at the CF Foundation.

• While there is no evidence to suggest that people with underlying health conditions are at higher risk of becoming infected, according to the CDC, there is evidence to show that people with underlying health conditions, including lung disease, are at greater risk of developing serious illness from COVID-19 if they become infected.
• The CDC has issued guidelines for people who are at higher risk.
  • Stay at home as much as possible to further reduce your risk of being exposed.
  • Stock up on supplies.
  • Take everyday precautions to keep space between yourself and others.
  • When you go out in public, keep away from others who are sick, limit close contact, and wash your hands often. 
  • Avoid crowds.
  • Avoid cruise travel and non-essential air travel.
• Recognizing that CF is a complex disease and affects each person living with it differently, we recommend you speak with your care team directly with specific questions about your personal health and risk factors, and continue to check the CDC website for complete guidelines and the most up-to-date information.

• Since people who are post-transplant must take medication that suppresses their immune systems to prevent organ rejection, they are at greater risk of serious illness from COVID-19.
• Talk to your transplant team about precautions you can take beyond what the CDC recommends.

• According to the CDC, the most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, cough, shortness of breath, and muscle aches.
• Call your CF care team as soon as possible if you notice any change in your cough, increased shortness of breath, or muscle aches, or if you develop high fevers, very diminished appetite, vomiting or diarrhea, or loss of sense of smell and taste. 

• Overall, we are encouraged that people with CF infected with COVID-19 are doing better than we initially expected.
• Many people with CF and COVID-19 have been able to manage their treatment at home.
• A recent international analysis of 181 people with CF showed that two groups of people may be at increased risk for severe illness, which includes hospitalization and death:
  • People whose best FEV1 was less than 40 percent predicted in the year before they were infected (advanced lung disease)
  • People who have had a lung transplant
• All people with CF should continue to be very careful to reduce exposure to COVID-19, especially if they have advanced lung disease or have had a transplant.
• We encourage people with CF to work closely with their care teams to assess their personal risk as well as follow CDC guidelines for those at high-risk for severe illness.
• We are gathering information through the CF Foundation Patient Data Registry to understand any long-term impacts.

• A recent international analysis of 105 children with cystic fibrosis diagnosed with COVID-19 found that COVID-19 in children with CF was usually associated with mild illness in those who did not already have severe lung disease.
• The findings are highly encouraging for children with CF, but all people with CF should continue to take extreme caution to avoid exposure to COVID-19. As always, people with CF are encouraged to work closely with their care teams to assess their personal risk during this time.
• The full case report, including detailed demographic data on the cases included in the study, can be viewed online.
• In addition to tracking outcomes through the CF Foundation Patient Registry and participating in coordinated global efforts to understand the impact of COVID-19 on individuals with CF, the Foundation supports scientific research to further understand how SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, works in CF cells.

People with CF and those close to them should continue taking precautions to keep themselves healthy and follow the CDC's guidance for those at higher risk.

• The CDC recently updated its guidance on wearing masks to reflect vaccination status.
• Currently, vaccinated people may resume most indoor and outdoor activities without wearing a mask or physically distancing. Masks are still recommended for fully vaccinated people on planes, buses, trains, and other forms of public transportation, and may still be required by local regulations or individual workplaces or businesses. Masks are also recommended in health care settings, long-term care facilities like nursing homes, and in jails or other detention facilities.
•  People with CF who have received a lung transplant remain at increased risk for COVID-19 because they have a lower immune response to the vaccines than people who have not had a transplant, and should continue to take precautions against infection, including wearing a mask. If you have questions about what precautions are appropriate given your unique circumstance, you should speak with your care team.
• Unvaccinated people should continue to wear masks in public areas in which physical distancing is difficult, such as at the grocery store or the pharmacy, especially in areas that have been highly affected by COVID-19.

• The CDC states that different masks, such as cloth, surgical, disposable, and KN95 masks, can be effective in protecting a person from being infected with SAR-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
• The CDC has created a guide to masks where you can learn more.
• Surgical masks and cloth masks are not N95 masks:
  • N95 masks are intended to help health workers reduce their exposure to the coronavirus virus from an infected person. N95 masks are not recommended for anyone other than health workers.
  • Surgical masks and cloth masks are intended to prevent the wearer from spreading the virus to others. The CDC notes that they may offer some protection for the wearer as well.

• The CDC recommends checking to see how well a mask fits, how well it filters the air, and how many layers it has. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is spread mainly through respiratory droplets. A mask with more than one layer will help prevent your droplets from reaching others and those from others from reaching you.
• The CDC recommends the following:
  • Make sure the mask fits snugly over the nose, mouth, and chin to prevent air from leaking around the edges of the mask
  • Use a nose wire, a mask fitter, or brace to prevent air from leaking around the edges of the mask
  • Wear a cloth mask with two or three layers or a disposable surgical mask underneath a cloth mask, which should push the edges of the inner mask against your face.
  • Adjust the fit by tying knots in the ear loops of a three-ply mask and tucking the extra material under the edges It's important to wash cloth masks after wearing them, to keep them as germ-free as possible. The CDC provides instructions for washing cloth masks.
• People with CF should continue to follow Cystic Fibrosis Foundation infection prevention and control guidelines, which recommend that people with CF wear a surgical mask in health care settings to reduce the risk of cross-infection from CF germs.

The CDC does not recommend using face shields instead of masks because face shields do not provide as much protection against respiratory droplets as masks.

• Any prevention or treatment strategies for COVID-19 that involve the use of medicines should be discussed with your care team. However, clinical care guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 that were recently published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found no medications that have been shown to prevent COVID-19.
• Hydroxychloroquine in particular may be associated with severe side effects and should never be taken outside the supervision of a medical professional.

• The Foundation does not provide these supplies. Currently, there is a shortage of protective supplies across the country, including N95 facemasks, which should be saved for people who are caring for the sick, such as health care workers.
• The best way to reduce your risk of infection is to follow the CDC guidance on ways to protect yourself.

• If you are concerned that someone you live with may risk infecting you at home because of their job, such as health care workers, or circumstances, there are steps you can take:
  • Discuss with your employer any alternative accommodations that may be possible, such as remote work or paid leave.
  • CF Foundation Compass case managers can help you determine if your or your family member's employer offers any paid family leave options.
  • For those who live with someone who does not work remotely, create a routine you can follow when arriving home to decrease the infection risk to others in the home, including:
    • Remove shoes outside
    • Shower immediately after arriving home
    • Disinfect objects you touched before washing your hands like door knobs
    • Disinfect personal objects like cell phones, keys, or earbuds
    • Place clothes worn outside the home in a separate container if you can't wash them immediately
• The CDC provides some guidance on reducing the risk of infection when someone in the house is sick.

• Traveling can increase your chances of becoming infected with COVID-19 or spreading it to others. 
• You can be exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19 in the air and on surfaces in buildings, such as airports, bus and train stations, and rest stops. It may also be more difficult to keep a six-foot distance from other people in these environments.
• Although traveling by car can help you avoid continuous contact with people who are unknown to you, you may face exposure from people and surfaces at rest stops, gas stations, convenience stores, and fast foot restaurants.
• For travel inside the US, the CDC recommends considering:
  • Learning how widespread COVID-19 is in your local area or in any of the places you plan to visit. Please refer to the CDC and Johns Hopkins maps for the latest information on affected areas.
  • How you plan to travel and the mode of transportation, such as by car, bus, train, or RV.
• The CDC recommends that people at higher risk for severe illness, including people with CF, take extra precautions when traveling.

• There are many jobs that make remote work difficult. We encourage you to discuss with your employer alternative accommodations that may be possible to distance yourself from others (at least six feet away) or ways to take additional precautions to reduce your risk of infection.
• People with CF may be eligible for protections under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), such as reasonable accommodations to perform the essential functions of their job.
• If you have questions about this topic, please contact CF Foundation Compass. Our case managers can help you determine if your or your family member's employer offers any paid family leave options or can connect you with legal experts.

• Working remotely may decrease your risk of exposure because you will be less likely to encounter others outside your household.
• If you cannot work remotely, the level of risk in your workplace depends on several factors, including:
  • Your health
  • If you must work in close contact (within six feet) of others, especially for extended periods of time
  • The level of risk you are comfortable with.
• In addition to infection prevention measures, such as wearing a cloth face covering and washing hands frequently for at least 20 seconds, remember that commonly used areas and devices, such as elevators, bathrooms, doors, break rooms, and surfaces, can be sources of infection.

• Walking, biking, or driving alone are the safest ways to commute to and from work.
• Commuting on buses or subways increases your risk of becoming infected with COVID-19 because passengers can be within six feet of each other for extended periods of time.
• If you must use public transportation, wearing a cloth face covering, sitting as far from others as possible, and using hand sanitizer can decrease your risk of becoming exposed on public transportation.

• In areas that are highly affected by COVID-19, care centers are offering telehealth visits for routine care, connecting by phone or video to avoid unnecessary risk of exposure and pressure on their patients and families, in staff, and health care institutions. 
• Care teams in areas that are reopening are gradually resuming in-person visits based on how common COVID-19 is in the local area, as well as recommendations by local and state public health agencies.
• Different centers may take different approaches, but in the early stages of reopening, most care teams will work with you to help you determine if an in-person visit is recommended for you.
• Care teams will also implement processes and procedures to reduce the risk of exposure to COVID-19.

• Hospitals are using stricter infection control practices during the pandemic. Beyond regular precautions, like wearing a mask and practicing handwashing, your care team is the best source of information on how to minimize your risk of exposure to COVID-19 if you need to be seen for an appointment.
• In some instances, you may be able to attend appointments virtually; and many labs have implemented strategies to decrease the risk of exposure to COVID-19, such as allowing patients to wait outside the lab until they receive a text message that notifies when it is time for their test.

• Currently, there is no evidence that ibuprofen increases the risk of developing serious complications or of acquiring the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.
• People with CF -- including those on high-dose ibuprofen -- should contact their care team before stopping any of their prescribed medications for CF. There is no evidence to suggest patients should stop high-dose ibuprofen because of COVID-19 at this time. 

• With the rapid shift to telehealth visits for routine CF care, care teams have experienced challenges finding home spirometers for patients whose lung function requires close monitoring.
• To meet this critical need, the Foundation has secured and is supplying home spirometers for care centers to make available to patients.
• We have provided care teams with instructions for obtaining the devices. They will communicate directly with affected individuals and arrange shipment of the device to their home address.
• Because the supply of home spirometers is limited, care teams are prioritizing which patients receive spirometers first based on their need.
• We plan to expand this program over the next several months as more supply becomes available.

If you are participating in clinical research, please communicate with the research team about your study visits. Many studies are making changes which will allow you to stay in the study while also making your safety the top priority.

If you have symptoms of COVID-19 (fever, cough, shortness of breath), contact your doctor. Your doctor may recommend you be tested, and the CDC recommends doctors work with local and state health departments to coordinate testing through public health laboratories. Testing requirements, availability, and procedures may vary by location.

• Two kinds of test are available for COVID-19.
• A viral test tells you if you currently have COVID-19.
• An antibody test can tell you if you were infected with the novel coronavirus or possibly a related coronavirus in the past.

• A viral test analyzes a sample taken from your respiratory system, such as a sample from where your nose meets your throat using a cotton swab in your nose.
• The presence of genetic material from the novel coronavirus indicates you currently have COVID-19.
• Results can take from less than an hour to two days, depending on the type of test and where the sample will be analyzed.

• Antibodies are proteins that help fight infections. They develop a few weeks after infection from the novel coronavirus, the virus that causes COVID-19, or a related coronavirus.
• In an antibody test, a small amount of blood is analyzed to see if antibodies are present. The results take from two to three days.
• If antibodies are found, it indicates that a person has been infected with the novel coronavirus in the past.

Your health care provider can advise you if you need to be tested and what kind of test you should get based on your circumstances.

• Talk to your CF care team to discuss if testing is the right decision for you and what the results might mean.
• Some care teams may ask you to be tested for COVID-19 before certain procedures, such as pulmonary function tests.
• Because the novel coronavirus is so new, it is not yet known if a positive antibody test means that you are protected against becoming infected again.
• In addition, only a few tests have been validated and found to be  accurate. Talk with your health care provider about any test results.

• Under the Families First Coronavirus Response Act, health insurers are required to pay for testing free of charge if the test is ordered by a health care provider.
• If the test is not ordered by a health care provider, the person tested must pay for the test out of pocket.

• Because the novel coronavirus is so new, it is not yet known if a positive antibody test means that you are protected against becoming infected again.
• Because of this uncertainty, it is important to talk with your care team about what a positive antibody test means and the risks and benefits of ending physical distancing.

• If the results of a viral test are positive, it means you currently have COVID-19.
• Notify your care team and let them know your results.
• If you test negative for COVID-19 via a viral test, it means you do not currently have COVID-19.
• Although a negative viral test means you do not currently have COVID-19, it does not mean you will not get it in the future. It is important to maintain preventive measures, such as physical distancing and frequent handwashing, to protect yourself from becoming exposed to COVID-19.

• There are no medications approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19.
• Most people recover from COVID-19 at home. For individuals who are hospitalized, care typically involves supportive measures such as intravenous fluids, supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation, if necessary.
• Treatment guidelines from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend the antiviral medication remdesivir under certain circumstances for people who have been hospitalized severe COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational drug that has s been approved by the FDA for emergency use during the crisis.
• Numerous drugs are in development as possible COVID-19 treatments. For more, see section on COVID-19 vaccines below.

• We are not aware of any research that suggests medications used to treat CF are effective in treating COVID-19. Clinical care guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19 that were recently published by the NIH do not reference any CF-specific therapies.
• There have been some small studies testing the potential of azithromycin, an antibiotic that is widely used to treat different types of infections and is regularly prescribed to people with CF. This research is still in its early stages. 

• States, cities, and local governments may have different plans for resuming normal activities, which they may continue to adjust them based on local transmission. You can check with your state or local health agencies to find out the plan in your area. 
• People with CF and others in their households should carefully consider the level of risk presented by normal activities.
• The more people you come in contact with, particularly face to face, and the longer you are in close contact with them (within six feet), the higher your risk of getting COVID-19. This is especially true if you are in contact with individuals who are not wearing a mask. The CDC has a detailed explanation on how masks impact transmission.
• There are different levels of risk:
  • Being outside, with only a few people who are six or more feet apart is considered relatively low risk.
  • Being inside, where it is difficult to keep a six-foot distance and air is re-circulating, increases the risk.
  • Being in an environment where the people around you are not wearing cloth face coverings increases your risk in any situation.
  • Your care team can help you decide if re-engaging in normal activities is the right decision for you based on:
    • Your health
    • How common the spread of COVID-19 is in your area
    • The risk and potential benefits associated with a particular activity
    • How comfortable you are with that risk

Need help deciding what activities are safe? Download this risk-assessment grid.

• The CDC recommends limiting errands to those you cannot avoid for essential goods and services, such as groceries or medications.
• The CDC also recommends:
  • Limiting your exposure to COVID-19 by ordering online for delivery or using curbside pickup. 
  • Limit your exposure to COVID-19 by shopping in stores, such as grocery stores or pharmacies, if you have to.
  • For shopping in store:
    • Ask if the store has special hours for people at higher risk for severe illness
    • Wear a cloth face covering
    • Use hand sanitizer after leaving the store
    • Wash your hands for at least 20 seconds after you get home

• The CDC recommends you have access to several weeks of medicines and supplies in case you need to stay home for prolonged periods of time.
• We are not currently aware of any CF medication shortages caused by COVID-19.
• We are actively monitoring the Food and Drug Administration's list of medication and supply shortages and are in contact with the manufacturers of many widely used CF medicines.

Yes! In fact, we encourage people with CF to get fresh air by going for walks or exercising while staying at least six feet apart from others. We recommend avoiding playground equipment at this time.

• Working remotely may decrease your risk to exposure because you will be less likely to encounter others outside your household.
• For those who do have to work outside of the home, the CDC has guidance on reducing your risk of infection.
• The CDC also has information for employers on how to  reduce the risk of exposure to COVID-19 in workplaces.
• As local areas begin to reopen, people with CF and their care teams should work together to weigh the risks and benefits of returning to work and make the decision that is right for them.

• Many people with CF are experiencing increased stress, anxiety, or depression because of the uncertainty and isolation around COVID-19, particularly because of the higher risk. People who are feeling overwhelmed are encouraged to reach out to their care teams for help.
• The CDC provides information on coping with the fear and anxiety caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.
• The CF Foundation has developed resources on general emotional wellness and resilience. You can also view recordings of virtual events focused on coping with the emotional aspects of COVID-19 on our YouTube channel, including:
  • Navigating Uncertainty, a discussion with mental health professionals that focuses on tools for navigating uncertainty, managing dilemmas, and “living in the gray.”
  • Emotional Wellness and COVID-19, a discussion of active approaches to maintaining your well-being and resources for anyone coping with stress and anxiety.

• We are actively engaged in policy efforts to protect patient safety and ensure access to care for people with CF during this difficult time. We are closely watching and advocating for the issues and policies related to:
• Support for patients and families:
  • Expand paid Family and Medical Leave to ensure people at risk for severe complications from COVID-19 are not forced to work if it will jeopardize their health, or the health of their loved ones.
• Access to care and coverage support:
  • Increase federal Medicaid funding to ensure the program remains available to eligible people with CF during the pandemic
  • Expand access to telehealth services
  • Premium support for COBRA insurance
  • Expanded access to medication and medical supplies during the pandemic
  • Ensure regional treatment allocation plans do not discriminate people with chronic conditions 
• Ongoing research and development support:
  • Increase in federal research funding
  • Continued support of proposals to incentivize antimicrobial research and development
  • Provide expertise on vaccine development and its impact on rare disease populations 
  • We continue to monitor policy proposals, and the unique issues people with CF are facing during the outbreak. For an in-depth look at our advocacy efforts surrounding COVID-19, you can read more here.